The
Sassanid money of Iran was current in
the commercial exchange of the whole
Orient before the advent of Islam. As
the Arabs had close commercial dealings
with Iran via Iraq and the Arabian Sea,
they used to bring the Sassanid money
for use in the Arabian Peninsula. They
named this money the "Khosroites",
pertaining to Khosrau whose portrait was
struck on these coins. To the Arabs, the
word Khosrau is identified with Caesar
of the Romans and both words mean the
great King. There are two kings in
Persia of this name : Khosrau I ( 531 -
579 A.D. ) and Khosrau II ( 590 - 628
A.D. ) Later on, during the period of
decadence, there were three kings of the
same name, but they were not famous.
The
Sassanid coins were as under :
—
The Dinars: The word is originally Greek
"Dinarus", it was known in
Persia before the Arab Conquest. They
are struck in gold and are very rare.
2
— The Dirhams: The word is derived
from the Persian word "Drm"
and from the Greek word
"drachma". These coins are
struck in sliver and are found in
abundance.
3
— The Fals: The word is derived from
the Greek word "follis". They
are struck in copper and are also very
rare.
The
Sassanid coins, since the reign of
Khosrau , bear on the obverse a portrait
of Khosrau turning his head towards his
left shoulder. In the field, to the
right, the name of the King is written
and a caption of glorification is
inscribed behind the head. On the
reverse, the coins bear a heart in the
form of an altar escorted by two persons
( priest or guards ?). In the field, to
the right, the place of minting is
written in initial letters, and to the
left the year of the reign. All the
inscriptions are drawn up in Pahlavi
which is derived from the ancient
Syrio-Aramaean Script.
The
Sassanid Arabic Coins :
The
Sassanid coins remained in
circulation even after Islam. but in
the year 31 A.H. one or more Arabic
words appear on the margin of the
face such as: good, in the name of
God or in the name of Allah my God
... ( These coins were named: the
anonymous Sassanid-Arab Coins ).
The
hearth and the same form remained as
they are, but the name of the
Sassanid King was dropped and
replaced by the name of the Caliph
or the presumed Caliph written in
Pahlavi : Mu'awiah b. Abi Sufyan ,
Abd-al-Malik b. Marwan , Abdallah b.
az-Zubayr , Qatari b. al-Fuja’ah.
Also the name of the Governors:
Ziyadah b. Abi Sufyan ( 41 - 54
A.H.). Mas’ab b. az-Zubayr ,
Ubaydallah b Ziyad
, al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf , Samrah b.
Jandab, Abdallah b. Amir , Salam b.
Ziyad, Abdallah b. Khazim, al-Mouhlab
b. Abi Safrah. and Yazid b. al-Mouhlab.
The
name of al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf appeared
in Arabic on some of the coins.
In
the year 73 and 74 A.H. a Sassanid-Arabic
Dirham appeared in the name of
Khosrau II. but the date and place
of minting (Damascus) are written in
Arabic. In 75 A.H. a Sassanid-Arabic
Dirham appeared without the name of
Khosrau. All its inscriptions were
drawn up in Arabic. It bears the
portrait of the Sassanid King on the
obverse and the effigy of
Adb-al-Malik b. Marwan on the
reverse. The field to the right
bears Arabic inscriptions read
" Commander of the believers
" to the left "Khalaft"
( Caliphate) Allah.
The
Byzantine Coinage before the advent of
Islam:
Before
the Moslem Conquest , Syria, Egypt and
North Africa were under the Byzantine
rule. The coinage in circulation at that
time were : the gold Solidus, the silver
Drachma and the copper Fals. It is
noteworthy that the gold and copper
coins were plentiful. whereas the silver
coins were relatively small in number.
On the other hand, the Byzantine coins
bore names of cities in Asia Minor and
not those of the subject countries.
There
were many types of the Byzantine coins
before the advent of Islam : The obverse
depicts the portrait of the Emperor and
the letter M with place and year of
minting on the reverse. Sometimes. the
portrait of the Emperor and the Empress
is depicted. The Dinar and the Dirham
bear the portrait of the Emperor or his
portrait and that of his children on the
obverse: a cross placed on a pedestal of
four steps with the place and year of
minting on the reverse:
The
Development of Arabic Coins on the
Byzantine Model:
These
coins have passed through a number of
stages. Important among which are :
The
Byzantine type remained predominant,
but some errors in the orthography
proved that the coins were struck by
Arabs.
The
names of Arabic cities such as
Damascus, Baalbek, and Iliya
(Jerusalem) began to appear on the
coins .... These names have never
appeared on the purely Byzantine
coins.
Arabic
words such as good, permissible,
perfect ... began to appear.
The
names of cities are written in
Arabic.
The
effigy of the Arabic Caliph replaced
that of Byzantine. The elements
(globe or circle ) are added at the
top of the cross in order to
obliterate its character. The
captions are also written in Arabic
: Muhammad the apostle of God on the
obverse ... There is no god but God,
and the city of minting on the
reverse.
In
the field to the right of the effigy
of the Caliph, there is a caption
read: " Commander of the
believers " . To the left
"Khalfat ( such and such )
Allah ".
The
effigy of Abd-al-Malik b. Marwan and
his name appears clearly but the
date of minting is not mentioned,
however, the effigy and the date of
minting appear vividly on the gold
coins. There are a few Dinars in the
world of the years 74, 75, 76, and
77 A.H.
Enlarged
Fals in the name of Abd-al-Malik. Prince
of faithful. Struck at Aleppo.
N.B.
The effigy of Abd-al-Malik b. Marwan on
the Sassanid-Arab Coins is just like
that which is on the developed
Byzantine- Arab Coins.
This
indicates that the two types of coins
have developed gradually until they met
the dated dinars that we have just
mentioned. Thereafter, the purely Arabic
Dinar of 77 A.H. made its appearance.
This dinar is a rarity in the world
since it was probably struck in the end
of 77 A.H.
Effigy
of Abd-al-Malik b. Marwan on a dinar
dated 74 A.H.
The
Dinar : Its weight ranging from 4 to
4.30 g. roughly, and its diameter from
18 to 21.5 mm roughly.
The
captions written on the Dinar struck in
77 A.H. partially differ from the
Umayyad one.
The
word (in) is mentioned before the
word (year) between 77 and 80 A.H.
After this year the word (in) is
dropped.
The
place of minting has disappeared on
the Dinar, but appeared on the one
struck in Africa and Andalusia.
The
caption of Khalafat (in the middle)
disappeared from the Diner struck in
Africa and Andalusia.
The
following is an example of the ordinary
Dinar:
Reverse
Allah,
the One, the eternally
besought of all. He begetteth
not, nor was begotten.
The
circular margin
In
the Name of God this Dinar was
struck (in) the year...
obverse
There
is no god but God the Unique,
without Partner.
The
circular margin
Muhammad
is the messenger of Allah sent
with the guidance and the
religion of truth, that He may
cause it to prevail over all
religions.
Umayyad
Dinar , struck in 100 A.H.
An
example of the Umayyad Dinar struck in
Africa and Andalusia :
In
the Name of God, the
Beneficent,
the Merciful.
Struck
in Africa in…
There
is no god but God.
the
Unique. without partner
Muhammad
is the Messenger of
Allah...
the religion of truth.
This
caption ( in the middle on the reverse )
appeared in this from on the Dinars of
Africa and Andalusia. ( 101 A.H.). It
remained so for a while and then
returned to the regular form.
The
Dirham : Its weight ranging from 2.11 to
3.05 g. roughly. and its diameter from
24 to 30 mm roughly.
Captions
: differs from that of the Dinar as far
as the order is concerned and completion
of the Koranic ( Koran ) verses as the
face of the Dirham is larger. On the
other hand, the circular margin of the
Dirham is surrounded on one side or on
both sides with circles consisting of
granules and a number of small rings
distributed among these circles.
The
most ancient Umayyad Dirham known so far
is dated 79 A.H.
Example
:
Reverse
Allah,
the One, the eternally
besought of all. He begetteth
not, nor was begotten, and
there is none comparable unto
him.
Margin
Muhammad
is the Messenger of Allah,
sent ... polytheists.
Obverse
There
is no god but God the Unique,
without Partner.
In
the Name of God. This Dirham
is struck (in) …
The
Fals: The weights and diameters are
various ... their captions are likewise
various… some of them are dateless,
nameless and bear no captious save (
there is no god but God, the Unique,
without partner on the obverse and
Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah ) on
the reverse. Some bear the date only or
the place of minting, the others
the name of the Caliph, the Crown Prince
or the Prince. There are also some coins
bearing all the required information.
Archaeologically
speaking the coins which bear all
information particularly the names of
the Princes and Governors are of much
importance to us. Some of these coins
bear a figure of an animal,. a
palm-tree, geometrical forms or
decorative elements.
It
is better to give a list of the names of
the Caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty and
the period of their rule :
The
captions do not differ much from of the
Umayyads. At first, the name of the
Caliph or the crown Prince began to
appear on the Dirhams then on the Dinars
from time to time in the reign of Harun
ar-Rashid. The name of the Caliph began
to appear without interruption since the
reign of al-Mu’tasim-billah, but the
name of the city of minting remained
fixed on the dirhams and fals since the
reign of al-Ma’mun; then it became
fixed on the dinars since the reign of
al-Mu’tasim-billah.
There
was an interruption in the issuance of
the Abbasid coins after the reign of
at
-Ta’i’-lillah. It lasted until the
reign of al-Muttaqi Li-Amr il-lah. The
issuance of coins became regular once
more until the end of the Abbasid
Period.
Name
A.H.
A.D.
1.Abu-l-Abbas
Abdallah al-Saffah
132
- 136
749
- 754
2.Abu
Ja’far Abdallab al Mansur
136
– 158
754
– 775
3.Abu
Abdallah Muhammad al-Mahdi
158
– 169
775
– 785
4.Abu
Muhammad Musa al-Hadi
169
– 170
785
– 886
5.Abu
Ja’far Harun ar-Rashid
170
– 193
786
– 809
6.Abu
Musa Muhammad al-Amin
193
– 198
809
– 813
7.Abu
Ja’far Abdallah al Ma’mun
198
– 218
813
– 833
8.Abu
Ishaq Muhammad
aI-Mu’tasim-billah
218
– 227
833
– 842
9.Abu .Ja’far
Harun al Wathiq-billah
227
– 232
842
– 847
10.Abu-l-Fadl
Ja’far al
Mutawakkil-ala-l-Lah
232
– 247
847
– 861
11.Abu
Ja’far Muhammad al-Muntasir-billah
247
– 248
861
– 862
12.Abu-1-Abbas
Ahmad al Musta’in-billah
248
– 251
862
– 866
13.Abu
Abdallah Muhammad al-Mu’tazz-billah
251
– 255
866
– 869
14.Abu
Ishaq Muhammad al-Muhtadi-billah
255
– 256
869
– 870
15.Abu-l-Abbas
Ahmad al Mu’tamid-ala-l-lah
256
– 279
870
– 892
16.Abu-l-Abbas
Abmad al Mu’tadid-billah
279
- 289
892
– 902
17.Abu
Muhammad Ali al-Muktafi-billah
289
– 295
902
– 908
18.Abu-l-Fadl
Ja’far al-Muqtadir-billah
295
– 320
908
– 932
19.Abu
Mansur Muhammad al-Qahir-billah
320
– 322
932
– 934
20.Abu-l-Abbas
Ahniad ar Radi-billah
322
– 329
934
– 940
21.Abu
Ishaq lbrahim al
Muttaqi-billah
329
– 333
940
– 944
22.Abu-l-Qasim
Abdallah al Mustakfi-billah
333
– 334
944
– 974
23.Abu-l-Qasim
al-Fadl al Muti' Lil-lah
334
– 363
946
- 974
24.Abu-l-Fadl
Abd-al-Karim at-Ta’i'
Lil-lah
363
– 381
974
– 994
(
After this Caliph, an
interruption of issue of coins
occurred . It lasted until the
reign of al-Muqtafi
li-Amr-l-lah )
25.Abu-l-Abbas
Ahmad al Qadir-billah
381
– 422
994
– 1031
26.Abu
Ja’far Abdallah al Qa’im
bi-Amr il-lah
422
– 467
1031
– 1075
27.Abdallah
al-Mutadi bi Amr il-lah
468
– 487
1075
– 1094
28.Abu-l-Abbas
Ahmad al Mustazhir-billah
487
– 512
1094
– 1118
29.Abu
Mansur al-Fadl al-Mustarshid-billah
512
– 529
1118
– 1135
30.Abu
Ja’far al-Mansur
ar-Rashid-billah
529
– 530
1135
– 1126
(
The Abbasid Coins reappeared )
31.Abu Abd
Muhammad al-Muqtafi
li-Amr-il-lah
530
– 555
1136
– 1160
32.Abu al-Muzaffar
Yusuf al-Mustanjid-billah
555
– 566
1160
– 1170
33.Abu
Muhammad at- hasan al-Mustadi'
bi-Amr-l- lah
566
– 575
1170
– 1180
34.Abu-l-Abbas
Abmad an-Nasir li-Din Allah
575
– 622
1180
– 1225
35.Abu
Nasr Muhammad az-Zahir bi-Amr-il-lah
622
– 623
1225
– 1226
36.Abu
Ja’far al-Mansur al
Mustansir-billah
623
– 640
1226
– 1242
37.Aba
Ahmad Abdallah al
Musta’sim-billah
640
- 656
1242
- 1258
The
following are the captions of the
Abbasid Coins
The
First Dinar :
Reverse
Muhammad
is the Messenger of Allah.
In
the Name of God.This
Dinar
struck in
....
Obverse
There
is no god but God, the
Unique
with no partner.
Muhammad
is the Messenger of
Allah
was sent .... all of it.
The
Dinar of Al-Ma’mun and his successors.
The
Caliph
(As
noted above)
Al-Ma’mun
In
the Name of Allah, this
Dinar
is struck in
...
To
Allah is the Command before and
alter; on that day, the
believers shall rejoice at the
triumph of Allah.
(As
noted above)
Muhammad
is the Messenger of Allah was
sent … all of it.
The
Dinar of al-Musta’sim-billah, the last
of the Abbasid Caliphs.
The
disbelievers are
averse
Praise
be to Allah Muhammad is the
Messenger of Allah Peace be upon
him
Muhammad
is the Messenger of Allah sent
with the guidance and the
religion of truth, that he may
cause it to prevail over all
religions
However
much
To
Allah is the command
Before
and after
There
is no god but God, the Unique,
without partner. al Musta’sim
- billah the Prince of the
believers by the triumph of
Allah.
In
the Name of Allah. This Dinar is
struck in Madinet as-Salam in..
On
that day the believers
Will
rejoice
N.B.
:
The
weight and diameter of the Dinar
remained fixed like that of the
Umayyads from the beginning of the
Abbasid Period down to al-Ma’mun
Period.
Some
names and sometimes the initial of a
person appeared on the Dinars.
Presumably the name of the
There
are other specime captions besides
those already mentioned.
The
First Dirham : In the early years of the
Abbasid rule, the captions remained as
they were in the Umayyad Period
particularly those minted in the
far-flung areas such as Africa and Maru.
The captions of the Abbasid Dirhams are
as under:
Reverse
Muhammad
is
the
Messenger
of
Allah
Muhammad
is the Messenger of Allah, was
sent …the disbelievers.
Averse
There
is no god but God, the
unique,
without partner.
In
the Name of Allah. This Dir- ham
Is struck with .... in…
Sometimes
the captions of the Abbasid Dirhams vary
from those of the Dinars. Here is an
example of the Dirham of al-Hadi, his
name appears in the caption:
Muhammad
is
the
Messenger
of
Allah
Peace
be upon him, the
Caliph
al-Hadi
(
As noted above )
Other
captions in which the name of the Crown
Prince appears :
Muhammad
is the Messenger of Allah, the
Caliph al-Hiadi, what Harun b.
the Prince of the believers has
instructed.
(
As noted above )
N.B.
:
1.The marginal
caption made its appearance since the
reign of al-Ma’mun. i.e. to God is the
authority.... with the triumph of Allah
and remained till the end of the Abbasid
Age.
2.The Dirhams
differ much from the Dinars as regards
the weight, size, mint, decorations,
middle and marginal captions etc...
The
Abbasid Fals: They are just like the
Umayyad fals but vary from the dirhams
in the weight. size and the order of
captions. They are distinguished from
the Dinars and Dirhams because the fals
bear the names of the governors and
Princes and as such they provide us with
correct information in this respect.
The
Hamdanid State ( 293 - 399 A.H. =
905 - 1008 A.D. )
This
dynasty ruled in al-Mowsil .One of its
members was promoted to the rank of
" The Prince of the Princes "
in Baghdad in 330 A.H. = 941 A.D. Their
dynasty reached the zenith of its
glory in Northern Syria and Aleppo was
its Capital. Its influence stretched all
over Syria for a while. After Sayf ad-Dawlah
the rule was shaky in the lands of the
Princes :
Name
A.H.
A.D.
Abu-l-Hayja
Abdailah b. Hamdan ( al-Mawsil)
293
– 301
905
– 913
Nasir
ad-Dawlah Hasan b. Hamdan (
Deputy Prince at Mawsil)
Prince of Princes
314
330
– 331
926
941
– 942
Sayf
ad-Dawlah Abu-l-Hasan Ali (
Aleppo)
333
– 356
944
– 966
Sa’d
ad-Dawlah Abu-1-Ma’ali
Sharif ( Aleppo )
356
– 381
966
– 991
Sa’id
ad-Dawlah Ahu-l-Fadl Sa’id
( Aleppo)
381
- 329
991
- 1001
The
Fatimid State took over the power from
the hands of the latter rulers in 399
A.H. = 1008 A.D.
The
Tulunid State ( 254 - 292 A.H. = 868 -
905 A.D. )
The
Tulunid dynasty ruled Egypt and Syria
during the 3rd Century A.H. the 9th
Century A.D. at a time when the power of
the Abbasids was very weak. Ahmad b.
Tulun carried out important reforms in
Egypt and constructed the city of al-Qata’i’
The direct Abbasid rule was
reestablished in 292 A.H. - 898 A.D.:
Name
A.H.
A.D.
Ahmad
b. Tulun
254
– 270
868
– 883
Khumarawayh
b. Ahmad
270
– 282
883
– 895
Jaysh
b. Khumarawayh
282
– 283
895
– 896
Harun
b. Khumarawayh
283
– 292
896
– 905
Shaiban
b. Ahmad
292
-
905
The
displayed Tulunid Coins
:
Ahmad
b. Tulun
The Dinar
270 - Egypt
Khumarawayh
b. Ahmad
The Dinar
271 - Egypt
Harun
b. Khumarawayh
The Dinar
285 - Egypt
The Dinar
290 - Egypt
The Dinar
282
- Egypt
The
Ikhshid State ( 323 - 358 A.H = 934 -
969 A.D.)
Muhammad
al-Ikhshidid assumed the rule of Egypt
in 323 A.H. = 934 A.D. and was able to
take possession of Palestine and
Damascus. This state shouldered the
burden of fighting the Qarmatians. The
Fatimids put an end to this dynasty:
Name
A.H.
A.D.
Muhammad
al-Ikhshid
323
– 334
934
– 946
Abu
-1-Qasim b. al-Ikhshid
334
– 349
946
– 960
Ali
b. al-Ikhshid
349
– 355
960
– 966
Kafur
355
– 357
966
– 968
Abu-l-Fawaris
Ahmad b. Ali
357
– 358
968
- 969
The
Aghlabid State (184 - 296 A.H. = 800 -
908 A.D.)
This
State was established in Afriqiyah (
Africa Minor, i.e. mainly Tunisia ) by
Ibrahim b. al-Aghlab with the permission
of the Abbasid Caliph Harun ar-Rashid.
In fact ar-Rashid agreed to grant this
state a kind of political independence
to enable the Aghlabids to observe the
activities of the Idrisid State, which
seceded from the Abbasid State in 172
A.H. = 788 A.D. at the hands of Ali’s
family, and to put an end to this state.
The
Aghlabid State exercised authority
beyond the western frontier of Egypt to
the west as far as the frontiers of the
Idrisid Maghrib (Morocco) and took
possession of Sicily. The state was
ultimately exterminated at the hands of
the Fatimids.
The
Aghlabid Coinage is distinguished from
that of the Abbasid by the existence of
the word "Ghalab" at the top
of the middle caption on the reverse and
the name of the amir (Prince) at the
bottom :
Name
A.H.
A.D.
Ibrahim
b. al-Aghlab
184
– 196
800
– 811
Abdallah
b. Ibrahim
196
– 201
811
– 816
Ziyadatalla
I b. Ibrahim
201
– 223
816
– 837
Al-Aghlab
b. Ibrahim
223
– 226
837
– 840
Muhammad
I b. al-Aghlab
226
– 242
840
– 856
Ahmad
b. Muhammad
242
– 249
856
– 863
Ziyadatallah
II b. Muhammad
249
– 250
863
– 864
Muhammad
I b. Ahmad
250
– 261
864
– 874
Ibrahim
II b. Ahmad
261
– 289
874
– 902
Abdallah
II b. Ibrahim
289
– 290
902
– 903
Ziyadatallah
I b. Abdallab
290
- 296
903
- 908
The
displayed coins of the Aghlabids are:
Abdallah
I The
Dinar 198 A.H.
Muhammad
I
The Dinar 236 A.H
Ahmad
The Dinar 244 A.H.
Muhammad
II
The Dinar 257 A.H.
.
The
Fatimid State (297 - 567 A.H. 909 - 1171
A.D.)
This
state which seceded completely from the
Abbasid State was established by Abu
Muhammad Ubaydallah al-Mabdi billah by
the assistance of his
missionary-Commander Abu Abdallah al-Shi’i.
Ubaydallah established himself first at
al-Qayrawan.
The Fatimids, later on, took possession
of North Africa, Sicily and some Islands
of the Mediterranean Sea. During the
reign of al-Mu’izz li-din-il-lah, his
Commander Jawhar as-Siqilli (The
Sicilian) took possession of Egypt and
Syria in 358 A.H. = 967 A.D.
The
Fatimid influence declined in Syria in
472 A.H. = 1079 A.D. but they continued
to rule Egypt until 567 A.H. = 1171 A.D.
when Salah-ad-Din (Saladin) who annexed
Syria and Egypt o the Abbasid State
under his rule.
Name
A.H
A.D.
Abu
Muhammad Ubaydallah al-Mahdi-billah
297
– 322
909
– 934
Abu
l - Qasim Muhammad al-Qa’im-billah
322
– 334
934
– 945
Abu
Tahir Isma’il al-Mansur
Allah
334
– 341
945
- 952
Abu
Tamim Ma’d al-Mu’izz
li-Din-illah
341
– 365
952
– 975
Abu
Mansur Nizar al-Aziz-billah
365
– 386
975
– 996
Abu
Ali al-Mansur al-Hakim bi-Amr-illah
386
– 411
996
– 1020
Abu-l-Hasan
Ali az-Zahir li-’izaz Din-illah
411
– 427
1020
– 1035
Abu
Tamim Ma’d al-Mustansir-billab
427
– 487
1035
– 1094
Abu-1-Qasim
Abmad al-Musta’li-billah
487
– 495
1094
– 1101
Abu
Ali al-Mansur al-Amir bi-Ahkam-illah
495
– 524
1101
– 1130
Abu
-1- Maymun abd-al Majid
al-Hafiz li-Din-illah
524
– 544
1130
– 1149
Abu-1-Mansur
Isma’il az-Zafir bi-Amr-illah
544
– 549
1149
– 1154
Abu-1-Qasim
‘isa al-Fa’iz bi-Nasr-illah
549
– 555
1154
– 1160
Abu
Muhammad Abdallah al-Adid
li-Din-illah
555
- 567
1160
- 1171
The
Fatimid Dirhams and Fals are very rare,
that is why all the coins in the display
are Dinars dated from the Hijra era.
The
names of the Caliphs are in the main
fixed on the coins of these rulers. Some
of the coins are void of the names.
Those
coins date back to the 6 and 7 centuries
A.H. = 12 - 13 A.D. We give only the
list of the names of the Atabeg and
Ayyubid rulers who had influence in
Syria.
The
Atabegs
A.H.
A.D.
Imad-ad-Din
Zengi b. Aq Sanqar ( Sinjar )
521
– 541
1127
– 1146
Al-Malik
Al-Adil Nur-id-Din Mahmud b.
Zengi
(Aleppo
then Damascus)
541
– 569
1146
– 1173
Al-Malik
as-Salih Isma’il b. Mahmud
(Aleppo)
569
– 577
1173
- 1181
The
Ayyubids
A.H.
A.D.
Al-Malik
an-Nasir Saladin
Yusuf
b. Ayyub
569
– 589
1174
– 1193
Dynasty
Of Saladin
Al-Aziz
Imad-ad-Din Uthman b. Yusuf
589
– 595
1193
– 1198
Al-Mansur
Muhammad b. Uthman,, al-Adil
succeeded him.
595
- 596
1198
– 1199
Dynasty
Of Saladin ( branch of Damascus
)
Al-Afdal
Nur-ad-Din Ali b.Yusuf
Al-Adil
succeeded him.
582
– 592
1186
– 1195
Dynasty
Of Saladin ( branch of Aleppo )
Az-Zahir
Ghiyath-ad-D Ghazi b. Yusuf
582
- 613
1186
– 1216
Al-Aziz
Ghiyath-ad-Din Muhammad b.Ghazi
613
– 634
1216
– 1236
An-Nasir
II Saladin Yusuf b.Muhammad
634
– 658
1236
– 1260
Al-Malik
al-Adil Sayf-ad-Din Abu Bakr
Muhammad
b.Ayyub
592
– 615
1196
- 1218
Dynasty
Of al-Adil ( branch of Egypt )
Ai-Kamil
Muhammad b. al-Adil Abu Bakr
615
– 635
1218
– 1238
Al-Adil
II Sayf-ad-Din Abu Bakr b. al-Kamil
635
– 637
1238
– 1240
As-Salih
Najm - ad-Din Ayyub b. al-Kamil
637
– 647
1240
- 1249
A1-Mu’azzam
Turanshah b.as-Salih
647
– 648
1249
– 1250
Al-Ashraf
Musa b. al-Adil II
648
- 652
1250
– 1254
Dynasty
Of al-Adil ( branch of Damascus
)
Al-Muazzam
Sharaf-ad-Din ‘isa b. al-Adil
615
– 624
1218
– 1227
An-Nasir
Saladin Da’ud b. al-Mu’azzam
624
– 637
1236
– 1239
As-Salih
Imad-ad-Din Isma’il b. al-Adli
(al-Hakam I )
They
are Turkish Mamluks, brought up and
taught the art of war and administration
by the Ayyubids. Whet their hands grew
strong during the period of the real
Ayyubid Kings, they seized the power and
established themselves in Egypt and
Syria after they had defeated the
Mongols at Ein Jalut and driven them out
of the country.
Prominent
among their early Kings is al-Mailk
az-Zahir Rukn-ad-Din Baybars, who
acknowledged the genealogy of the
Abbasid Prince Ahmad b. Az-Zahir (who
sought asylum in Egypt) and raised him
to the post of the Caliph under the
title al-Mustansir- billah. The Abbasid
Caliphate lasted in Egypt until the
downfall of the dynasty of the Burji
Mamluks.
They
were most of the Circassians. One of
those Mamluks namely Sayf-ad-Din Barquq
seized the power from the last Bahri
Mamluk Saladin Haji in 784 A.H. The
reins of power returned to as-Salih in
791 A.H. and he assumed the power
ultimately
in 792 A.H. The form of government
remained as it was in the period of
these Mamluks, but the rivalry between
them and the Ottomans led to their
downfall.
The
Ottomans
The
Ottoman dynasty could dominate Asia
minor after they had inherited the rule
from the Saljuqs of Rum . The Ottomans
stretched their frontiers westwards
until nothing remained to the Byzantine
State except Constantinople . They
captured Bulgaria and large parts of the
Balkan . They conquered Constantinople
in 1435. They rapidly spread into the
East in the reign of Sultan Salim I and
took possession of some Persian
territories . Ultimately, the Ottomans
conquered Syria and Egypt in 922 A.H. =
1916 A.D.
